From the Jewish philosopher, Maimonides 12th century There are eight degrees or steps in the duty of charity. The first and lowest degree is to give, but with reluctance or regret. This is the gift of the hand, but not of the heart. The second is, to give cheerfully, but not proportionately to the distress of the sufferer. The third is, to give cheerfully and proportionately, but not until solicited. The fourth is, to give cheerfully, proportionately, and even unsolicited; but to put it in the poor man’s hand, thereby exciting in him the painful emotion of shame. The fifth...